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Click the Edit button above to get started. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members! To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free it only takes a minute and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! John Graves Simcoe was an army officer and a lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. Simcoe was widely-known as the lieutenant-governor of the New British Colony of Upper Canada, which became Ontario later on.
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Skip to primary navigation Skip to main content Skip to primary sidebar Skip to footer. Sign Me Up Already a member? Log in to download. He was not interested in roads for the convenience of established settlers; those he left, in the usual and ineffective way, to local authorities. His roads were strategic, both as military communications and as directions for the course of future settlement.
It was only with the subsequent projection of the Danforth Road in that his system came to centre on York. After the purchase of Indian lands two years later, the road was extended eastward to York. The future that he had in mind for that town, when he began to lay it out in August , was the role which in fact came to be played by Kingston — a garrison, arsenal, and naval base. Yonge Street, finally pushed north to the Holland River by the Rangers in February after Berczy had built its southern half, was to provide strategic access to the upper Great Lakes.
Settlement along it was promoted as much for the security of the road as for its own sake. It led to projects for the reform of the Provincial Marine, not to more roads. Simcoe had been slow to accept the established facts of American unity and independence, and continued to think that they represented a political rather than a military threat to Upper Canada.
His militia bill of May , making local companies liable for service outside their districts, was prompted by the news of war with France. By that fall, however, he was seriously worried about defence against the neighbouring states. When he arrived, the border posts on American soil were still held by British garrisons, and British diplomacy was briefly pursuing the chimerical prospect of an Indian buffer state.
Simcoe exerted himself, as an agent of that diplomacy and subsequently, to maintain British influence with the Ohio valley Indians, both to keep their claims as a counter in Anglo-American negotiations and to avoid their resentment if abandoned.
He put as many difficulties as he could in the way of American commissioners seeking an Indian treaty and counted their failure his success. His concern for the Indians within Upper Canada, particularly the Six Nations, was limited to the same military context. He had some success in dealing with them: during his administration, one purchase of Indian lands was renegotiated and four others were arranged with more clarity than had been usual.
He did not know what to make of Indians who did not conform to his expectations of their present support and ultimate removal; hence the mutual distrust that developed between him and Joseph Brant [ Thayendanegea ]. While he sought direction, American troops imposed their own solution on the Ohio Indians, in August , at the battle of Fallen Timbers near Waterville, Ohio. The American campaign looked from Upper Canada like an intended invasion, the more so because American border garrisons had been strengthened and Simcoe had been ordered to reoccupy an old border fort.
The crisis led Simcoe to write some bellicose dispatches on how he would have met the invasion, dispatches which he later regretted but which have given him an exaggerated reputation for anti-Americanism.
He did not regret the loss of the border posts on military grounds, since he found them indefensible in condition and design. The real necessities were for a naval force on Lake Ontario and for a garrison in Upper Canada large enough to ensure the defence of both provinces.
He was urging these with something like his old zeal when, in July , neuralgia and gout took him from the province. Given leave of absence to recover his health in England, he never returned to Upper Canada and resigned early in The ten years of service that remained to Simcoe were all military.
Still convalescent, he accepted the governorship of St Domingo Haiti , a difficult post already declined by healthier and more prudent officers, but one that raised his local rank from major-general 3 Oct. They had found a complex racial war in which the planters were being overwhelmed by free mulattos and by rebel slaves, some of whom accepted French republican authority and some of whom had Spanish support.
The government was displeased, partly because the whole enterprise was not the easy success that had been originally hoped for, and partly because he greatly exceeded the strict budget set for him. The budget was inadequate, but in any case Simcoe was temperamentally unsuited to the stricter ministerial control of the West Indies. Refusing to attempt more than a military stalemate without fresh troops, he persisted in outlining plans of conquest if given the reinforcements that were so clearly not available.
Without them, failure was only a matter of time. The sensible course, as his successor realized, would have been to use the authorization that the government had already given him to withdraw. So long as William Pitt was prime minister, and Dundas secretary of state for War, Simcoe did not receive another active command.
After failing to revive his old project of a light corps, he settled for command of the Western District, taking up headquarters at Exeter in December During the brief ministry of his fellow Devon magnate, Henry Addington, he had hopes of re-entering the House of Commons, of succeeding Robert Prescott as governor of Lower Canada, and even of obtaining a peerage. These came to nothing, but in the end the patronage of the Addingtons brought him the recognition that service alone could not.
Diverted, in joint command with the Earl of St Vincent of an expedition for the relief of Portugal, he fell ill and was brought back to die at Exeter. His settlement policy determined the course of Upper Canadian development for the next generation. He gave both expression and impetus to the blend of conservatism, loyalty, and emphasis on economic progress that was to dominate the province after the War of The most persistently energetic governor sent to British North America after the American revolution, he had not only the most articulate faith in its imperial destiny but also the most sympathetic appreciation of the interests and aspirations of its inhabitants.
Governor Simcoe , which includes all his numbered dispatches from Upper Canada as well as the bulk of his military correspondence. Exeter, [? The fullest of his biographies is W. McDougall Toronto, , 57— General Bibliography. Together they had five children. In , the young family relocated to the newly established Upper Canada, where Simcoe was appointed Lieutenant Governor.
Simcoe was eager to establish a British Utopia in what he perceived as an otherwise savage continent, built upon British law and government. Simcoe initiated a land grant program enticing loyalist Americans to settle in Upper Canada to increase its population and productivity, although he remained distrustful of the emigrants.
Realizing the tension between the United States and Great Britain would only grow, Simcoe began preparations for war as early as Poor health sent Simcoe back to England in , and resulted in his resignation as Lieutenant governor in
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