How is …? If or when? If or whether? Ill or sick? Imply or infer? In the way or on the way? Late or lately? Lay or lie? Lend or borrow?
Less or fewer? Look at , see or watch? Low or short? Man , mankind or people? Maybe or may be? Maybe or perhaps? Nearest or next? Never or not … ever?
Nice or sympathetic? No doubt or without doubt? No or not? Nowadays , these days or today? Open or opened? Opportunity or possibility? Opposite or in front of? Other , others , the other or another? Out or out of? Permit or permission? Person , persons or people? Pick or pick up? Play or game? Politics , political , politician or policy? Price or prize? Principal or principle? Quiet or quite? Raise or rise? Remember or remind? Right or rightly? Rob or steal?
Say or tell? So that or in order that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise? Speak or talk? Such or so? Towards or toward? Wait or wait for?
Wake , wake up or awaken? Worth or worthwhile? Noun phrases: dependent words Noun phrases: order Noun phrases: uses Noun phrases: noun phrases and verbs Noun phrases: two noun phrases together. Pronouns: possessive my , mine , your , yours , etc. Pronouns: reflexive myself , themselves , etc. Pronouns: indefinite - body , - one , - thing , - where Pronouns: one , you , we , they Relative pronouns Questions: interrogative pronouns what , who Someone , somebody , something , somewhere That.
Dates Measurements Number Time. Geographical places Names and titles: addressing people Nationalities, languages, countries and regions Place names. Reported speech Reported speech: direct speech Reported speech: indirect speech. British and American English Dialect Double negatives and usage Formal and informal language Newspaper headlines Register Slang Standard and non-standard language Swearing and taboo expressions.
Past simple I worked Past continuous I was working Past continuous or past simple? Sometimes you might place a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a clause. In this case it should usually be enclosed by commas. This handy connective word type comes in varying shapes and sizes. Other simple single word connectors include: after, as, if, lest, once, since, than, that, though, till, when, where, while.
Compounds are made when two single words come together to form a new word. These include: although, because, nevertheless, notwithstanding, whenever, wherever, therefore, moreover.
Phrasal conjunctives are made of two or more separate words, functioning as one. Examples include: as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, by the time, even if, even though, in order that, in case, only if, provided that, so that, supposing that. Adverbs can be used in conjunction with this word type, allowing you to add extra emphasis to the linking word. Many of the above phrasal examples fall into the category of subordinating linking words modified by adverbs.
For example, even , when standing alone, is an adverb in this context. Right , when standing alone, is an adverb in this context. As with all elements of grammar, there are some rules to remember when using these words to link words, phrases, clauses or sentences. These include the following:. Rule 2: Only use one of this word type to connect two elements of a sentence unless using a phrasal or correlative. These words usually like to work alone. The most natural place for a linking word is in-between the elements of a sentence that it is linking.
Some rules, however, are meant to be broken and the main act of rebellion for this word type is that it can sometimes be positioned at the beginning of a sentence. While the independent clause usually dominates the dependent clause, swapping their natural positions can subtly switch the emphasis for the reader.
Using a mixture of different sentence structures can help to make your writing more interesting and engaging. In the case of the FANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so , positioning them at the beginning of a sentence is the subject of some debate. However, you can use them to link two sentences, positioning the linking word at the start of the second sentence. It took me seven hours to draft my research paper.
The above is a good example of starting a sentence with a coordinate for dramatic effect. You might also use this device to convey surprise.
Using conjunctions Published on May 23, by Amy Luo. Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services Trustpilot. Governments often seek to gain favor from voters by prioritising economic development over environmental sustainability. But at what cost to the planet and future generations?
Until the company reaches a satisfactory agreement with the union, the workers will remain on strike. How long will the strike go on for? Until the company reaches a satisfactory agreement with the union. Is this article helpful? She is passionate about helping people communicate clearly and effectively.
Other students also liked. Commas , Commas can be tricky to get right, but mastering them will improve your writing. Learn when to use commas and when to leave them out. Using parallel structure in writing Repeating the same grammatical structure in different parts of a sentence improves your style by making your writing more balanced.
Choosing the right prepositions Prepositions are flexible words that express relationships between things. Using the right one can be central to the meaning of a sentence. Data was gathered through questionnaires , and interviews.
All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This handout defines dependent and independent clauses and explores how they are treated in standard usage.
When you want to use commas and semicolons in sentences and when you are concerned about whether a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is to be able to recognize dependent and independent clauses.
The definitions offered here will help you with this. An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought.
A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
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