Answer: The site where the Mausoleum once stood can still be visited, although not much of the Mausoleum itself remains. Local buildings and Bodrum Castle contain quite a lot of the stonework and a lot of important decorative pieces have been moved to museums. Question : Who actually built the Mausoleum?
Answer: The Mausoleum was designed and decorated by Greek craftsmen, although the local population will have been involved in the heavy building work. The building was inspired by traditional Greek architecture and was designed by Satyrus and Pytheos, famous Greek architects. Four of the best sculptors of the time each decorated a side of the Mausoleum. Answer: In the past it was common for leaders of countries to build huge tombs for themselves.
This not only added to their prestige and served a way of remembering and celebrating their greatness, but they may also have been thought to serve a role in connecting to an afterlife.
Mausolus was an admirer of Greek culture and his Mausoleum was an outstanding example of Greek architecture. Nature and Science. Humiliating though this was for the Rhodians, ancient custom forbade that a trophy once set up should be taken down; to hide their shame, therefore, they afterwards erected a building around it and declared it forbidden ground.
On Artemisia's death in B. Of the Macedonian siege of Halicarnassus we have detailed accounts by Diodorus and Arrian, from which the course of events is reasonably clear. Orontobates was assisted in the defence by the Rhodian Memnon fighting in the Persian cause, and the city was weil prepared, with command of the sea.
Alexander fixed his headquarters on the north-east side, near the Mylasa gate, and after an unsuccessful attack on Myndus settled down to the siege of Halicarnassus. Sending round a detachment to invest the city on the west side by the Myndus gate and to prevent reinforcement from that quarter, he took command in person on the north-east. Filling in the fosse, he brought up his siege-engines and succeeded in breaking through the wall.
Ihe defenders, however, fought back vigorously and built an inner wall to dose the breach. Ihe fighting continued with fre-quent sallies by the Persians to set fire to the engines, all of which were repulsed with much slaughter on either side; the historians emphasize the fierce and determined bravery of both parties.
One Fragments of the mausoleum's sculpture that are preserved in the British Museum include a frieze of battling Greeks and Amazons and a statue 10 feet 3 m long, probably of Mausolus. Sir Charles Newton Travellers to Bodrum had long reported that many fragments of the aneient Mausoleum were to be Seen built into the walls of the castle of St.
British ambassador to the Sublime Porte, who instructed hirn to report on what sculptures of the Mausoleum were visible in the walls of the fortress. Canning sent an expedition to Bodrum to remove the sculptures, which were carried off to England in a British warship. The marbles, which included thirteen of the original seventeen slabs of an Amazonomachy, a battle hetween Greeks and Amazons, were exhibitcd in the Mausoleum Room of the British Museum along with more sculptures obtained by Sir Charles Newton in his excavations at Bodrum in , another expedition sponsored by Canning.
During his exeavations Newton succeeded in finding the site of the Mausoleum itseif, a diseovery he described in his Traveis and Discoveries in the Levant.
In B. It was in that year the ruler of this land, Hecatomnus of Mylasa, died and left control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local satrap to the Persians, had been ambitious and had taken control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. Mausolus in his time, extended the territory even further so that it finally included most of southwestern Asia Minor.
Mausolus, though he was descended from the local people, spoke Greek and admired the Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek democratic traditions. Then in B. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most splendid tomb in the known world. It became a structure so famous that Mausolus's name is now associated with all stately tombs through our modern word mausoleum.
The building was also so beautiful and unique it became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Artemisia decided that no expense was to be spared in the building of the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. This included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the Temple to Artemis at Ephesus.
Other famous sculptors such as Bryaxis, Leochares and Timotheus joined him as well as hundreds of other craftsmen. The tomb was erected on a hill overlooking the city. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. At the center of the courtyard was a stone platform on which the tomb itself sat.
A staircase, flanked by stone lions, led to the top of this platform. Along the outer wall of this were many statues depicting gods and goddess. At each corner stone warriors, mounted on horseback, guarded the tomb. At the center of the platform was the tomb itself. Made mostly of marble, the structure rose as a square, tapering block to about one-third of the Mausoleum's foot height.
One part showed the battle of the Centaurs with the Lapiths. Another depicted Greeks in combat with the Amazons, a race of warrior women. On top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slim columns, nine per side, rose for another third of the height.
Standing in between each column was another statue. Behind the columns was a solid block that carried the weight of the tomb's massive roof. The roof, which comprised most of the final third of the height, was in the form of a stepped pyramid.
Perched on top was the tomb's penultimate work of sculpture: Four massive horses pulling a chariot in which images of Mausolus and Artemisia rode. Soon after construction of the tomb started Artemisia found herself in a crisis. When the Rhodians heard of his death they rebelled and sent a fleet of ships to capture the city of Halicarnassus.
Knowing that the Rhodian fleet was on the way, Artemisa hid her own ships at a secret location at the east end of the city's harbor. After troops from the Rhodian fleet disembarked to attack, Artemisia's fleet made a surprise raid, captured the Rhodian fleet, and towed it out to sea.
Artemisa put her own soldiers on the invading ships and sailed them back to Rhodes. Fooled into thinking that the returning ships were their own victorious navy, the Rhodians failed to put up a defense and the city was easily captured quelling the rebellion.
Artemisa lived for only two years after the death of her husband. Both would be buried in the yet unfinished tomb. According to the historian Pliny, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after their patron died "considering that it was at once a memorial of their own fame and of the sculptor's art.
In rumors of a Turkish invasion caused Crusaders to strengthen the castle at Halicarnassus which was by then known as Bodrum and much of the remaining portions of the tomb was broken up and used within the castle walls. At this time a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. The party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning to find the tomb, and any treasure it may have contained, plundered.
The bodies of Mausolus and Artemisia were missing too. The Knights claimed that Moslem villagers were responsible for the theft, but it is more likely that some of the Crusaders themselves plundered the graves.
Before grounding much of the remaining sculpture of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster the Knights removed several of the best works and mounted them in the Bodrum castle. There they stayed for three centuries. At that time the British ambassador obtained several of the statutes from the castle, which now reside in the British Museum.
The monument was according to some sources still standing in the 12th century AD. Between and Sir Charles Newton and in G.
Biliotti excavated the ancient ruins. An nowdays the British Museum in London now houses some examples of sculpture and relief's from the mausoleum. On the original site there is nothing left but ruins. On this page I present my series of photographs of the frieze of the mausoleum which I have in the British Museum taken in July All images contain a short description of the depicted scene.
The relief's depict a battle between the Amazons and the Greek and were sculpted around BC by four different artists. The frieze can be read like a cartoon, hence the title of this article. The scenes are dramatic and dynamic The images on this page are displayed in the order that they are displayed in the British Museum. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was built in approximately B. The Mausoleum's construction was ordered by Queen Artemisia to be a tomb and monument of King Mausolus.
After his death, Queen Artemisia resolved to build him the most immaculate tomb the world had ever seen. She sent for the most gifted artist of that time period. In building the tomb no effort was made to out do the pyramids. Two years after her husband's death and the construction of the tomb began, Queen Artemisa died.
At this time the tomb was still incomplete, however the sculptors resolved to finish their work. The tomb became known as the mausoleum, and the word has passed into our language, as a word used to describe a large tomb. Earthquakes destroyed the Mausoleum in the fifteenth century, shattering the columns and sending the chariot crashing down. By AD only the square base remained intact, the rest of the stone was used by the Crusaders for building material.
It was the Crusaders who discovered what was in the base of the monument, and it was during this time that a group of Crusaders ransacked the tomb stripping it of all its treasure.
In a British archeologist named Newton began to excavate the remains. He found fragments of the chariot and uncovered statues of both Mausolos and Artemisia. The remains can be found in the Mausoleum Room of the British Museum. Mausolus died, leaving his queen Artemisia , who was also his sister It was the custom in Caria for rulers to marry their own sisters , broken-hearted.
It was not only one of the wonders of the ancient world : We know from historians, the Mausoleum was different - so different from the Pyramid that it earned its reputation - and a spot within the list - for other reasons. Mausolos tomb became one of the most famous architectural showpieces of antiquity; it was named one of the seven wonders of the world by the travel writers of the Hellenistic era.
It consisted of a solid rectangular base topped by 36 Ionic columns. These were surmounted by a pyramid and crowned with a massive statue of Mausolos and Artemisia riding a chariot, reaching a total height of 40 mt.. The Mausoleum dominated the skyline of the city at least until the 12th century; by the early 15th century it lay in ruins, most likely due to the earthquakes frequent in the area.
The Knights of St. John put the remaining stones to use as building material for the Bodrum castle. One can still observe large slabs of greenish granite and the classical architectural fragments embedded in the castle walls. The site of the Mausoleum was discovered in by the English orientalist Sir Charles Newton who was conducting an expedition on behalf of the British Museum his other finds on this campaign included Didyma and Cnidus.
The building was gone, but Newton found pieces of the Mausoleum frieze in the basement of the site as well as in villagers' backyards and in the walls of their houses. With the help of Sir Stratford Canning, the British ambassador at Istanbul, these were collected and transferred to the British Museum. For many years afterward the Mausoleum site remained a vegetable patch and cow-shed on private property. For at least the last 20 years a Danish team of archaeologists and conservators, led by Prof.
Kristian Jeppesen of the Aarhus University in Denmark, has been excavating and preserving the little remains of the site, consisting on the funerary underground chamber and architectural remains, many of them were found in the vicinity and the castle.
The Mausoleum Museum was opened in thanks to the join auspices of the Turkish and Danish governments, now under the management of the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.
The exhibit includes a piece of the Mausoleum frieze that was found embedded in the castle walls and so escaped the depredations of Newton. Engraving of Mausoleum at Helicarnassus. Fischer von Erlach is regarded as Austria's greatest Baroque architect. Click to enlarge This is lokantas" are eating places specialized in quite inexpensive regional Turkish fo lokantas" are eating places specialized in quite inexpensive regional Turkish fo A lokantas" are eating places specialized in quite inexpensive regional Turkish fo ge Traditional life lingers on in Mumcular "Where do I find the Mausoleum in todays Bodrum?
Click here! The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Description The structure was rectangular in plan, with base dimensions of about 40 m ft by 30 m ft. The statues were carved by four Greek sculptors: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas, and Timotheus, each responsible for one side.
It was surrounded by a courtyard. A staircase was built leading up the platform where the mausoleum stood. There were stone lions flanking the staircase. There were scenes of Greek and Amazon warriors and their battles in scriptural relief very similar to the images in coins - slightly raised on the walls of the mausoleum.
Alexander the Great took over the city in BC but the Mausoleum was left untouched. When pirates attacked the city in 58 and 62 BC, the Mausoleum was again left undamaged. In the 13th century, earthquakes toppled the columns of the Mausoleum and the stone chariot was destroyed In the 13th century crusaders took over the city. They used many parts of the Mausoleum to construct their buildings. If you visit the castle at Halicarnassus you can still see pieces of the tomb that were used to strengthen the castle walls.
By AD, all that was left was the base of the tomb. In the s an archaeologist names Charles Newton discovered the remnants of the mausoleum.
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