Owegi et al. RNAi experiments demonstrated that its knockdown in D. Its ortholog in mice is also essential Miura et al. The viability of cho flies indicates a malfunction of VHAAC that results in a decrease in activity vs. Further, cho is ubiquitously expressed Chintapalli et al. This role has been confirmed in flies.
Pulipparacharuvil et al. The lack of either of these proteins prevented the fusion of lysosomes with endosomes or autophagosomes Wartosch et al. Like cho , ma is an essential gene and the ma allele produces a partially functional protein. In addition, ma RNA is maternally deposited and the gene is expressed widely in larvae and adults Chintapalli et al. The study of ma mutant flies for other possible interacting genes would produce an in vivo system capable of revealing new gene networks and their sites of action.
In animals, the LysM domain is found either by itself or in combination with TLDC motifs found in putative membrane-bound proteins Zhang et al. It lacks the transmembrane region found in most LysM proteins of bacteria, fungi, and plants, and, presumably, remains inside cells vs. In plants, some LysM proteins function in immune responses.
Evidence in animals is mixed. Shi et al. Laroche et al. Four D. Only mtd also contains a TLDC domain. It is the only Drosophila LysM-containing gene that has been investigated with respect to innate immunity. However, the mtd transcript that is most influential in changing sensitivity lacks the LysM domain and carries a TLDC domain Wang et al.
The CG protein has two different N terminal sequences. Neither of these appears to be a signal sequence Petersen et al. Like the cho and ma genes, CG is maternally deposited and is ubiquitously expressed.
Its highest expression is observed in Malpighian tubules Chintapalli et al. The Golgi apparatus contributes cargo to the endosomes and lysosomes that may be involved in vesicular trafficking. ZnT63C moves Zn out of the cytoplasm either into intracellular compartments or outside the cell membrane Kondylis et al.
InterPro analysis of the MAH predicted protein identified 11 transmembrane helices and a conserved domain found in amino acid transporters Mitchell et al. Two studies Romero-Calderon et al.
The expression of mah is limited, being ranked as present in the larval central nervous system, adult eye, Malpighian tubule, and testes Chintapalli et al. Its time of highest expression is the white prepupal stage when eye pigmentation begins Graveley et al. Four candidate genes were identified as possible granule group genes based on one characteristic, decreases in the amounts of both ommochromes and pteridines found in fly eyes.
Of these, ma is the best example of such a gene since it is a member of the HOPS complex, like some previously identified granule group genes. The vesicular ATPase, cho , is also very important in vesicle maturation and function. The mah gene may well be important in transport to pigment granules given that it appears to be a membrane protein similar to other amino acid carriers.
These two genes are essential, but the mutants are visible and viable without partial RNAi knockdowns. Further, since the genes are ubiquitously expressed they could be tested in screens detecting changes in tissues and organs other than the eye. They can also be used in screens in which the tested genes are knocked down by RNAi. The use of mutants in whole organisms to understand the effects of genes and genetic interactions is very powerful. Trafficking is a complex phenomenon in which many genes participate.
A simple criterion allows the discovery of more Drosophila trafficking genes and more alleles of identified genes. There is a set of unmapped, eye color mutants that have had their relative pteridine and ommochrome levels tested that could be identified using the techniques of deletion mapping and sequencing.
The authors thank Courtney Smith for many helpful discussions and advice. Kallal of the Gustavo Hormiga laboratory assisted us with photomicroscopy. Jim Kennison kindly provided the red K1 strain and the Oregon R strain from which it was derived. The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Supplemental material is available online at www. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List G3 Bethesda v. G3 Bethesda. Published online Aug Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. E-mail: ude. Received Jun 17; Accepted Aug 2. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Genes that code for proteins involved in organelle biogenesis and intracellular trafficking produce products that are critical in normal cell function. Keywords: genetic analysis, vesicular transporters, LysM domain in eukaryotes. Table 1 Stocks used for locating eye color mutants. Open in a separate window. Table 2 Existing deletions or transposable elements used to produce deletions.
Data availability Sequences of mutant alleles have been deposited in Genbank accession nos. Results cho codes for a subunit of vesicular ATPase cho is an X-linked recessive eye color mutation that is also associated with brown pigmentation in the Malpighian tubules. Table 3 Nonsynonymous differences, deletions, and insertions between the Drosophila melanogaster genome sequence and mutant alleles of maroon , chocolate , mahogany , and red Malpighian tubules.
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. The MAH protein is predicted to be an amino acid transporter that is not essential InterPro analysis of the MAH predicted protein identified 11 transmembrane helices and a conserved domain found in amino acid transporters Mitchell et al. Disruption of both types of pigments is a good criterion to identify genes involved in Drosophila vesicular trafficking Four candidate genes were identified as possible granule group genes based on one characteristic, decreases in the amounts of both ommochromes and pteridines found in fly eyes.
Supplementary Material Supplemental Material: Click here to view. Acknowledgments The authors thank Courtney Smith for many helpful discussions and advice. Footnotes Supplemental material is available online at www. Communicating editor: C. Literature Cited Allan A. Genome-wide survey of V-ATPase genes in Drosophila reveals a conserved renal phenotype for lethal alleles.
Genomics 22 : — Studies on the genetic control of tryptophan pyrrolase in Drosophila melanogaster. The AP3 adaptor is involved in the transport of membrane proteins to acidocalcisomes of Leishmania. Cell Sci. Amino acid properties and consequences of subsitutions , in Bioinformatics for Geneticists , edited by Barnes M.
Insights into the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles from the study of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Vesicular transport earns a nobel. Trends Cell Biol. Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development : — Molecular characterization of the trithorax gene, a positive regulator of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila.
Maroon —a recurrent mutation in Drosophila. USA 4 : — Systematic discovery of rab GTPases with synaptic functions in Drosophila. Disruption of lysosome function promotes tumor growth and metastasis in Drosophila. Using FlyAtlas to identify better Drosophila melanogaster models of human disease. The AP-3 adaptor complex is essential for cargo-selective transport to the yeast vacuole. Cell 91 : — The building BLOC k s of lysosomes and related organelles.
Cell Biol. Lysosome-related organelles. Traffic 5 : — T-coffee: a web server for the multiple sequence alignment of protein and RNA sequences using structural information and homology extension.
Nucleic Acids Res. FlyBase: introduction of the Drosophila melanogaster release 6 reference genome assembly and large-scale migration of genome annotations. Genesis 34 : 1— Traffic 8 : — A function for the AP3 coat complex in synaptic vesicle formation from endosomes. Cell 93 : — Pigment patterns in mutants affecting the biosynthesis of pteridines and xanthommatin in Drosophila melanogaster.
Amino acid frequency distribution among eukaryotic proteins. Type I repressors of P element mobility. Genetics : 81— Molecular cloning of the white locus region of Drosophila melanogaster using a large transposable element. EMBO J. The developmental transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster.
Nature : — Protein trafficking abnormalities in Drosophila tissues with impaired activity of the ZIP7 zinc transporter catsup. A protein complex network of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell : — Spatial expression of transcription factors in Drosophila embryonic organ development.
Genome Biol. Boudin is required for septate junction organisation in Drosophila and codes for a diffusible protein of the Ly6 superfamily. Disorders of lysosome-related organelle biogenesis: clinical and molecular genetics.
Genomics Hum. Role of rab GTPases in membrane traffic and cell physiology. Cell 22 : — Identification and characteristics of the structural gene for the Drosophila eye colour mutant sepia , encoding PDA synthase, a member of the omega class glutathione S-transferases. Identification of ER proteins involved in the functional organisation of the early secretory pathway in Drosophila cells by a targeted RNAi screen.
PLoS One 6 : e The embryonic expression patterns of zebrafish genes encoding LysM-domains. Gene Expr. Patterns 13 : — Regulation of membrane trafficking by signalling on endosomal and lysosomal membranes. The Genome of Drosophila Melanogaster. Carnegie Institute, Washington, DC. Not just pretty eyes: Drosophila eye-colour mutations and lysosomal delivery.
Lightoid and claret : a rab GTPase and its putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor in biogenesis of Drosophila eye pigment granules. USA : — The Drosophila melanogaster genetic reference panel. Mutations in the white gene of Drosophila melanogaster affecting ABC transporters that determine eye colouration. Acta : — Eukaryotic V-ATPase: novel structural findings and functional insights.
Molecular organization of a Drosophila puff site that responds to ecdysone. Cell 28 : — The InterPro protein families database: the classification resource after 15 years.
The d subunit of the vacuolar ATPase Atp6d is essential for embryonic development. Transgenic Res. Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila. Science 32 : — Defective expression of the mu3 subunit of the AP-3 adaptor complex in the Drosophila pigmentation mutant carmine. Distinct requirements for the AP-3 adaptor complex in pigment granule and synaptic vesicle biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
Vps-C complexes: gatekeepers of endolysosomal traffic. The eye pigmentary system of Drosophila VI. The pigments of the ruby and red groups of genes. T-coffee: a novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment.
Altered expression of a novel adaptin leads to defective pigment granule biogenesis in the Drosophila eye color mutant garnet. Identification of a domain in the V0 subunit d that is critical for coupling of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. Systematic generation of high-resolution deletion coverage of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. SignalP 4. Methods 8 : — Drosophila Vps16A is required for trafficking to lysosomes and biogenesis of pigment granules.
Drosophila mauve mutants reveal a role of LYST homologs late in the maturation of phagosomes and autophagosomes. Traffic 13 : — The rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster : xanthine dehydrogenase and eye pigments. Genetics : — A screen for neurotransmitter transporters expressed in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster identifies three novel genes.
B, a new dispersed repeated gene family in Drosophila melanogaster and its analogies with retroviruses. Molecular characterization of the Drosophila vermilion locus and its suppressible alleles.
USA 83 : — Structure and transcription of the Drosophila melanogaster vermilion gene and several mutant alleles. LYST controls the biogenesis of the endosomal compartment required for secretory lysosome function. Traffic 16 : — Cell 10 : — A lysin motif LysM -containing protein functions in antibacterial responses of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Homology-extended sequence alignment. FEBS J. New mutants report. Biology of eye pigmentation in insects. Evolution 9: 27— Article Google Scholar.
Lifschytz, E. Genes controlling chromosome activity; An X-linked mutation affecting Y-lampbrush loop activity in Drosophila hydei. Chromosoma — Lindsley, D.
Grell, Genetic variations of Drosophila melanogaster. Lozovskaya, E. Evengener, New mutants obtained by means of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila virilis. Mather, W. Pope, The nasuta complex in Taiwan. Mohanty, S. Singh, Variation in the expression of plexus mutation in D. Nirmala, S.
Structural variability in natural population of Drosophila nasuta. Cytogenetic studies on D. Mysore Univ. India 26b: — Prout, T. The relation between fitness components and population production in Drosophila. Population production. Genetics — PubMed Google Scholar. Rajasekarasetty, M. Analysis of inversions in natural populations of Drosophila nasuta nasuta. The Nucleus 92— Interspecific chromosomal variation among few members of nasuta subgroup Genus: Drosophila.
Entomon 5: 1— Ramachandra, N. Ranganath, a. Estimation of population fitness in two strains of Drosophila nasuta albomicans with and without supernumerary chromosomes. Ranganath, b.
The chromosomes of two Drosophila races: D. Hybridization and karyotype repatterning. Ramesh, S. Rajasekarasetty, Studies on isozyme variations in a few members of Drosophila nasuta subgroup. Ranganath, H. Evolutionary status of Indian Drosophila nasuta.
J Heredity 6: 19— Chromosomal polymorphism in Drosophila nasuta. Inverted gene arrangement in South Indian populations. Heredity 90— Karyotypic orthoselection in Drosophila. Naturwissenschaften — Distribution and differentiation of heterochromatin.
Chromosoma 83— Satellite DNA of D. Real, M. Methods for the quantitative estimation of the red and brown pigments of D. Ribo, G. Prevosti, Viability gene frequency dependence in mutants of D. Singh, B. Sisodia, Mating propensity in Drosophila bipectinata under different sex-ratios and choice situations. Shymala, B. Ranganath, Collection data of Drosophila fauna at four different localities in South India.
Stursa, I. Fertility in a white eye mutant of D. Taylor, C. Mitochondrial selection by mutant strains of D. Wakahama, K. Yamaguchi, Evolutionary and genetical studies on the Drosophila nasuta subgroup. Chromosomal polymorphism found in the natural population of D. Kitagawa, Karyotypes of D. Wilson, F. Wheeler, M. Kambyselles, Cytogenetic relations in the Drosophila nasuta subgroup of the immigrans group of species.
Studies in genetics. Texas Publ. Wilson, T. Jacobson, Isolation and characterization of Pteridines from heads of Drosophila melanogaster by modified thin layer chromatography procedure.
Ziegler, I. Genetic aspects of ommochrome and pterin pigments. Harmsen, The biology of pteridines in insects. Insect Physiol.
0コメント